Battle of Spotsylvania Court House - Civil War Battle of Spotsylvania

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House was fought May 8-21, 1864, and was part of the American Civil War. Armies Commanders at Spotsylvania Court House: Union Lieutenant General Ulysses S. GrantMajor General George G. Meadeapprox. 100,000 men Confederate General Robert E. Leeapprox. 52,000 men Battle of Spotsylvania Court House - Background: Following the bloody stalemate at the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-7, 1864), Union Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant elected to disengage, but unlike his predecessors, he decided to keep pressing south. Shifting bulk of the Army of the Potomacs strength to the east, he began moving around the right flank of General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia on the night of May 7. The next day, Grant directed Major General Gouverneur K. Warrens V Corps to capture Spotsylvania Court House, approximately 10 miles to the southeast. Battle of Spotsylvania Court House - Sedgwick Killed: Anticipating Grants move, Lee rushed Major General J.E.B. Stuarts cavalry and Major General Richard Andersons First Corps to the area. Utilizing interior lines and taking advantage of Warrens tardiness, the Confederates were able to assume a position north of Spotsylvania before Union troops could arrive. Quickly building several miles of trenches, the Confederates were soon in a formidable defensive position. On May 9, as the bulk of Grants army arrived on the scene, Major General John Sedgwick, commander of the VI Corps, was killed as he scouted the Confederate lines. Replacing Sedgwick with Major General Horatio Wright, Grant began to develop plans for assaulting Lees army. Forming a ragged, inverted V, the Confederate lines were weakest near the tip in an area known as the Mule Shoe Salient. At 4:00 PM on May 10, the first Union attacks moved forward as Warrens men assaulted Andersons corps along the left side of the Confederate position. Repulsed with around 3,000 casualties, the attack was the precursor for another assault which slammed into the east side of the Mule Shoe two hours later. Battle of Spotsylvania Court House - Uptons Attack: Assembling twelve regiments from the VI Corps, Colonel Emory Upton formed them in a tight assault column three wide by four deep. Striking a narrow front along the Mule Shoe, his new approach quickly breached the Confederate lines and opened a narrow but deep penetration. Battling valiantly, Uptons men were forced to withdraw when reinforcements to exploit the breach failed to arrive. Recognizing the brilliance of Uptons tactics, Grant immediately promoted him to brigadier general and began planning corps-size assault using the same approach. Battle of Spotsylvania Court House - Assaulting the Mule Shoe: Taking May 11 to plan and shift troops for the pending assault, Grants army was quiet for most of the day. Misinterpreting the Union inactivity as a sign that Grant was going to attempt moving by his army, Lee removed artillery from the Mule Shoe in preparation for shifting to a new position. Shortly before dawn on May 12, Major General Winfield S. Hancocks veteran II Corps struck top of the Mule Shoe using Uptons tactics. Quickly overwhelming Major General Edward Allegheny Johnsons division, Hancocks men captured 4,000 prisoners along with their commander. Rolling through the Mule Shoe, the Union advance bogged down as Brigadier General John B. Gordon shifted three brigades to block Hancocks men. Also hampered by the lack of a follow-up wave to press the attack, Hancocks troops were soon being pushed back. To regain the momentum, Grant ordered Major General Ambrose Burnsides IX Corps to attack from east. While Burnside had some initial success, his assaults were contained and defeated. Around 6:00 AM, Grant sent Wrights VI Corps into the Mule Shoe to fight on Hancocks right. Raging through the day and into the night, fighting in the Mule Shoe surged back and forth as each side sought an advantage. With heavy casualties on both sides, the landscape was quickly reduced to a body-strewn wasteland that presaged the battlefields of World War I. Recognizing the critical nature of the situation, Lee repeatedly sought to personally lead his men forward, but was prevented from doing so by his troops who desired to preserve his safety. Some of the most intense combat occurred at an area of the salient known as the Bloody Angle where sides were sometimes reduced to hand-to-hand fighting. As the fighting raged, Confederate troops built a defensive line across the base of the salient. Completed around 3:00 AM on May 13, Lee ordered his troops to abandon the salient and retire into the new line. Occupying the salient, Grant paused for five days as he probed east and south seeking a weak spot in the Confederate lines. Unable to find one, he sought to surprise the Confederates at the Mule Shoe line on May 18. Moving forward, Hancocks men were repulsed and Grant soon cancelled the effort. Realizing that a breakthrough would not be possible at Spotsylvania, Grant continued his trend of moving left and again slipped around Lees army by marching south towards Guinea Station on May 20. Battle of Spotsylvania Court House - Aftermath: The fighting at Spotsylvania Court House cost Grant 2,725 killed, 13,416 wounded, and 2,258 captured/missing, while Lee suffered 1,467 killed, 6,235 wounded, and 5,719 captured/missing. The second contest between Grant and Lee, Spotsylvania effectively ended in a stalemate. Unable to win a decisive victory over Lee, Grant continued the Overland Campaign by pressing south. Though desiring a war-winning triumph, Grant was aware that each battle cost Lee casualties that the Confederates could not replace.

Argumentative Essay On Single Parent Family - 1265 Words

Polito 1 Chris Polito Paola Brown Eng102 25 March 2008 Single Parent Struggle For many years, children growing up in a single parent family have been viewed as different. Being raised by only one parent seems impossible to many yet over the decades it has become more prevalent. In today’s society many children have grown up to become emotionally stable and successful whether they had one or two parents to show them the rocky path that life bestows upon all human beings. The problem lies in the difference of children raised by single parents versus children raised by both a mother and a father. Does a child need both parents? Does a young boy need a father figure around? Does the government provide help for single parents? What role do†¦show more content†¦However, even though this may seem impossible, it can be done. As this subject continues to be looked down on people must realize that single parents are becoming more common in today’s world. Since 1995 the American family structure for children ages fourteen to eighteen consists of forty-two percent living in a first marriage family with both parents, twenty-two percent living in a second marriage step-family, twenty-one percent living in a single parent, divorced or separated family, six percent living in a single parent never married family and three percent living in a single parent widowed family. This is an extremely scary statistic considering that fiftyeight percent of children in America are living in a single parent family. This is a chilling percentage because it shows how little faith is put into a relationship before actually deciding to have children. Unfortunately not all single-parents take the time to perform the vital tasks needed to raise their children. Parents who think they would never be able to provide emotional s tability for their children by themselves should have taken the time to think this through before deciding to become parents. Accidents may happen once in awhile but in most cases adults know what is at stake when planning to have a child. Plain and simple, if you’re not ready, than don’t do it. If you do decide to have this child Polito 3 and you loveShow MoreRelatedIn Defense Of Single Motherhood. Is There A Reason Traditional1052 Words   |  5 PagesIn Defense of Single Motherhood Is there a reason traditional families have lasted for thousands of years? In the argumentative essay â€Å"In Defense of Single Of Motherhood† by Katie Roiphe, the author is arguing that a single mother is a significant way to raise children. Roiphe also includes how being a traditional mother and father family is unsuccessful and frustrating. Although being a single mother may work for her, countless numbers of single mothers struggle in many different ways. These strugglesRead MoreSingle Parenthood Culture1266 Words   |  6 PagesSingle parenthood culture seems appealing to many married people. However, married individuals are forced to battle with elements like faithfulness and life-long commitment to one individual, which may be boring in some cases. However, single parents, especially single mothers encounter serious challenges related to parenting. Single parenting is a succession of constant mental torture because of ineptness, self-scrutiny, and remorse. At some po int, single parents will often encounter serious psychologicalRead MoreAppeal To Pathos : Appeal To Pathos In The Play Don929 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Independence war?† Ex. 2: â€Å"The Gazette and Common sense articles were an influential part in sparking the uprising against the British.† Ex. 3: â€Å"The DACA program is to protect immigrant children that were brought or born into the U.S. by their parents. Why is Trump trying to appeal it?† Use: Causal relationship is to identify and compare the causation between two events. Colloquialism: a word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation. IsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of College IsnT For Everyone729 Words   |  3 Pagespeople in America are enrolled in college.† This is a staggering amount considering the fact that many people are in college for all the wrong reasons. About half of the Americans enrolled in college are there because they feel they owe it to their families. Only a small number of Americans in college actually feel it is necessary for successful lives. In this article, Reeves recollects on his experiences as a college English professor at an institution in New York. He speaks of how he believes thatRead MoreThe Toulmin Model Of Argument 11533 Words   |  7 Pagesa fundamental right of all Americans. Rebuttal: Affirmative action policies do not result in reverse discrimination because they are only part of a process that attempts to ensure fairness in college admissions. Five Categories of Claims Argumentative essays are based on a claim, which almost always falls into one of the five following categories. 1. Claims of fact. Is it real? Is it a fact? Did it really happen? Is it true? Does it exist? Examples: Global warming is occurring. Women are justRead MoreEssay on Logical, Ethical, and Emotional Argumentation998 Words   |  4 Pages(Lundsford 115-116). Any sort of persuasive piece, be it an essay, a video, or an editorial; employs ethos, pathos, and logos to try to prove its point. â€Å"The Torture Myth† is a short anti-torture essay written by journalist Anne Applebaum four years after the September 11th, 2001 attacks and before the Senate vote on the nomination of pro-torture Alberto Gonzales for Attorney General. Applebaum does not directly use ethos in her essay; however, a short bibliographical passage in The Seagull ReaderRead MoreEssay on Public Service Announcements on Texting and Driving1154 Words   |  5 PagesArgumentative Essay Revision Shot to aim directly at people who tend to disregard warnings and are most like to be distracted drivers, texting and driving PSA’s bring awareness and self consciousness to the general public as they display from moderate to severe graphic scenes on what happens when you take your eyes off of the wheel. A distracted driving PSA ad is not only one of the best ways to alert people of the consequences of unfocused driving, but it can also reduce the number of distractedRead MoreA Government System Is A Resolute And Dicey Act1625 Words   |  7 PagesRodriguez Argumentative Essay April 17, 2017 UHON Questioning Authority Questioning a government system is a resolute and dicey act. 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Consequently, there are a number of negative effects, for example, achieving bad academic performance and inappropriate relationshipRead MoreMinima Moralia by Theodor Adorno1874 Words   |  8 PagesIn chapter 2 of the Minima Moralia, Theodor Adorno talks about the disintegrating family unit, the loss of the partitioning between the public and private life. However, there seem to be contradictions, or perhaps entanglements created by virtue of these 2 chapters inhabiting the same text. This essay will attempt to disentangle some of these ideas in a â€Å"ludicrous quid pro quo fashion† (Adorno, 1), whilst drawing some assistance from other areas, such as chapter 3, as well. And in doing so, will

Definition and Examples of Short Answers in English

In spoken English and informal writing, a short answer is a response made up of a subject and an auxiliary verb or modal. A short answer is generally regarded as more polite than just an abrupt yes or no. Conventionally, the verb in a short answer is in the same tense as the verb in the question. Also, the verb in the short answer should agree in person and number with its subject. Examples and Observations How did she do in her exams? Maria had already told me she had done quite well, but I was now flailing around to keep the conversation going.She passed.She is all right, isnt she?Yes, she is, he replied firmly.(Vikram Seth, An Equal Music. Random House, 1999)The poor lass took quite a fall, didnt she? Gelfrid remarked. Is she usually so clumsy?No, she isnt,† Judith answered.(Julie Garwood, The Secret. Pocket Books, 1992)Youre asking yourself, Can I give this child the best possible upbringing and keep her out of harms way her whole life long? The answer is no, you cant.(Barbara Kingsolver, The Bean Trees. Harper Row, 1988)Can we change? Yes, we can. Can they change? Yes, they can.(Oz Clarke, Oz Clarkes Pocket Wine Guide. Sterling, 2009)Will, youve been in love before, havent you? I mean, with Anna, of course . . . and your various . . . well, you have, havent you?Will looked into his glass. No. No, I havent.(Jennifer Donnelly, The Tea Rose. Macmillan, 2004)Whats up with him?Hi s stomach is sick. Hes nervous about his speech.Hes got food poisoning! Helen declared. â€Å"Hasnt he?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"No, he has not!†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes, he has.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"No, he has not!†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes, he has.†(Marian Keyes, Anybody Out There? William Morrow, 2006)No, I wont, Jeremiah--no I wont--no I wont!--I wont go, Ill stay here. Ill hear all I dont know, and say all I know. I will, at last, if I die for it. I will, I will, I will, I will!(Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit, 1857) Short-Answer Patterns Answers are often grammatically incomplete, because they do not need to repeat words that have just been said. A typical short answer pattern is subject auxiliary verb, together with whatever other words are really necessary. Can he swim? -- Yes, he can.(More natural than Yes, he can swim.)Has it stopped raining? -- No, it hasnt.Are you enjoying yourself? -- I certainly am.Youll be on holiday soon. -- Yes, I will.Dont forget to telephone. -- I wont.You didnt phone Debbie last night. -- No, but I did this morning. Non-auxiliary be and have are also used in short answers. Is she happy? -- I think she is.Have you a light? -- Yes, I have. We use do and did in answers to sentences that have neither an auxiliary verb nor non-auxiliary be or have. She likes cakes. -- She really does.That surprised you. -- It certainly did. Short answers can be followed by tags . . .. Nice day. -- Yes, it is, isnt it? Note that stressed, non-contracted forms are used in short answers.(Michael Swan, Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press, 1995) Short Answers With So, Neither, and Nor Sometimes a statement about one person also applies to another person. When this is the case, you can use a short answer with so for positive statements, and with neither or nor for negative statements using the same verb that was used in the statement. You use so, neither, or nor with an auiliary, modal, or the main verb be. The verb comes before the subject. You were different then. -- So were you.I dont normally drink at lunch. -- Neither do I.I cant do it. -- Nor can I. You can use not either instead of neither, in which case the verb comes after the subject. He doesnt understand. -- We dont either. You often use so in short answers after verbs such as think, hope, expect, imagine, and suppose, when you think that the answer to the question is yes. Youll be home at six? -- I hope so.So it was worth doing? -- I suppose so. You use Im afraid so when you are sorry that the answer is yes. Is it raining? -- Im afraid so. With suppose, think, imagine, or expect in short answers, you also form negatives with so. Will I see you again? -- I dont suppose so.Is Barry Knight a golfer? -- No, I dont think so. However, you say I hope not and Im afraid not. It isnt empty, is it? -- I hope not. (Collins COBUILD Active English Grammar. HarperCollins, 2003)

Profitability Analysis and Analytical Issues - 11306 Words

140 SU 3: Profitability Analysis and Analytical Issues QUESTIONS 3.1 Profitability Ratios Questions 1 and 2 are based on the following information. The financial statements for Dividendosaurus, Inc., for the current year are as follows: Balance Sheet Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Net fixed assets Total $100 200 50 600 $950 Accounts payable Long-term debt Capital stock Retained earnings Total $140 300 260 250 $950 1. Dividendosaurus has return on assets of A. 21.1% B. 39.2% C. 42.1% D. 45.3% 2. Dividendosaurus has a profit margin of A. 6.67% B. 13.33% C. 14.33% D. 46.67% 3. In the current year, Griffin Inc. had $15 million in sales, while total fixed costs were held to $6 million.†¦show more content†¦The dividend is payable on June 24 to all stockholders of record as of June 17. Excerpts from the statement of financial position for Jensen Corporation as of May 31 are presented as follows. Cash Accounts receivable (net) Inventories Total current assets $ 400,000 800,000 1,200,000 $2,400,000 Total current liabilities $1,000,000 Assume that the only transactions to affect Jensen Corporation during June are the dividend transactions. 5. Jensen’s total stockholders’ equity would be A. Unchanged by the dividend declaration and decreased by the dividend payment. B. Decreased by the dividend declaration and increased by the dividend payment. Answer (D) is correct. (CMA, adapted) REQUIRED: The impact on total stockholders’ equity of dividend declaration and payment. DISCUSSION: A dividend declaration reduces retained earnings and thus total stockholders’ equity. The subsequent payment will have no effect on stockholders’ equity since only cash and dividends payable are reduced. C. Unchanged by either the dividend declaration or the dividend payment. D. Decreased by the dividend declaration and unchanged by the dividend payment. 6. 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ThisRead MoreUsefulness And Limitations Of Financial Ratios1510 Words   |  7 Pagesevaluating the performance and management of companies Ratio analysis is used to describe the important relationship that lies between figures based on line items in financial statements like the balance sheet, profit and loss account, and a budgetary control organization. Ratio analysis is a technique of analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It helps in evaluating the financial position and performance of the firm, ratio analysis also allows firms to compare their operational or financialRead MoreWal Marts Competitive Advantage1744 Words   |  7 Pagesemployees. Wal-Mart analytical strategy is to focus on selling products at low prices to get higher volume sales at a lower profit margin. Sam Walt was successful analytically because he was able to find lower-cost suppliers and also shared his data than those used by other stores. Walmart is an organization that uses analytics extensively and systematically to outthink and execute the competition. Walmart has gained competitive advantage by following four pillars of analytical competition. These

Canadian Culture vs US Free Essays

We are a nation of immigrants who celebrate everybody cultural background. Canadians are extremely conscious of our culture considering our close proximity to the United States. We are unduly aware that we are not American and constantly compare ourselves to America. We will write a custom essay sample on Canadian Culture vs US or any similar topic only for you Order Now Canadians forever talk about our similarities and differences socially, economically, politically and religiously. One of the things that Canada is most proud of Is that we consider ourselves to be a cultural mosaic which means that we allow various cultures to coincide and flourish in our communities. We value harmony, equality, freedom, and respect. Our population is not big enough to sustain our economy, so we are much more open to economic Immigration. Economically, we have much higher taxes providing us with a more socialized system. This allows free health care and decent education systems for all Canadian citizens. Due to this system, we do not have the same amount of money to spend on â€Å"stuff’, which makes us a less materialistic population. We have less disposable income and less disparity between the rich and poor. In regards to religion, we do not have a dominant religion and accept all religions across the globe. Americas, on the other hand, identify themselves as mainly Christian. According too Pew Research Religion and Public Life survey taken in 2007, 78. 4% of Americans identified themselves as Christian, where as Canadians have an ever-changing religious composition. Politically, we have a parliamentary system of government which is more unified and group-oriented; we elect a party, not a person. Like the LISA, our government Is a mockery which means the people choose their own government and majority rules but In a parliamentary system, a minority government must find consensus with the other parties or the government will fall. Canada’s values are built on acceptance, tolerance, and harmony. We are patriotic, but in the way that we accept people world-wide and celebrate the combination of Canadian and other cultures intertwining. I am proud to be a Canadian citizen and feel privileged to have grown up in a city as diverse, inclusive, and nondiscriminatory as Toronto. Being exposed to people with arioso religious beliefs, racial backgrounds, and birthplaces shaped me into an accepting and globally aware citizen. One of my favorite things about Toronto is the fact that we celebrate cultural, social and ethnic acceptance year-round. For example, this summer I went to multiple festivals that celebrated Turnoffs diversity. We hosted World Pride 2014, which celebrated the LIGHT community, Fusion of Taste festival which honored diverse cultural food, Franco-fete which celebrated Torso’s French speaking community, Chinatown festival which showcased Chinese culture, Busters which lauded artistic performances from around the world. Toronto is frequently commended for being one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are over 140 languages spoken, half of our population was born outside of Canada, and almost fifty percent of the population define themselves as a visible minority. Toronto is a true cultural mosaic and due to this fact Transitions are open-minded, accepting, tolerant, and polite. I am grateful to have been raised in a city that is proud to integrate and pay tribute to various cultural backgrounds. How to cite Canadian Culture vs US, Papers

Marketing Processes of Real Organisations-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyse the Marketing Strategies and Marketing Processes of real Organisations and determine their effectiveness. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to understand the effectiveness of the marketing strategies adopted by the companies. For this, there has been highlighted the marketing success of Apple and Sony through the efficient literature. The paper will present the sustained competitive advantage gained by both the companies from their marketing initiatives. The paper will also present an in-depth analysis of the companies through ansoff matrix and the porter five forces model. These models will help in understanding the market position and marketing strategies of the companies. Case Study 1: The Innovative Success that is Apple, Inc. Apple is extremely successful with its marketing initiatives as the company has huge and continuous investments in the research and development as well as advertising and marketing departments for extensively promoting the products across the globe. The company have its emphasis on marketing to the customers that possess few diverse characteristics that includes marketing through segmentation. The primary customers of Apples products are the upper class and upper-middle class individuals as there is a sense of willingness to pay a bit more for relishing the better use experience. It has been observed and analysed that the organisations biggest competitive advantage is its marketing strategy. There is a clear understanding by Apple about the needs and demands of the consumers and the things the customers are excited about in the products. Thus, Apple adopts extensive market research and implements the best marketing strategies for advertising its products. There are strong advertising campaigns that help the company in achieving strong customer base. The company advertise its services and products in the manner that provides improved life to the customers and develops the trend of aesthetics and the significance of lifestyle appeal (Johnson, et al., 2012). Case Study 2: Sony Electronics reaches out to a tech-savvy audience. Sony is among those companies which have a substantial and significant presence in the market through its effective and renowned marketing strategies. Sony remained high in technology and innovativeness in its marketing initiatives. Presently the organisation has taken use of the Adobe Marketing Cloud for increasing its social presence, customer engagement, multiple channels for interacting with the customers and social engagement. The primary and vital factor of Sonys marketing initiatives is to target the techno savvy audiences. Sony has a reliable understanding of the requirements of the tech savvy customers and the way they can be attracted towards the products of Sony. Because of the fact that individuals spend a considerable time over engaging with brands, connecting with friends, consuming entertainment content, shopping and online researching, Sony has its key emphasis on online marketing. To build one-on-one association with the customers and have success in the e-commerce, the company employs effective digital marketing campaigns which are significantly integrated across the social sites, web points and digital touch points (Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2014). Evidence of Sustained Competitive Advantage Evidence for Apples sustained Competitive Advantage The success of Apple and its sustained competitive advantage can be evidently shown by its strong financial position as it is the leading organisation in the electronics and software industry. The organisation has attained huge success which be reviewed from the increasing customer base and the positive feedbacks and reviews of the customers (Lee and Raghu, 2014). Apple has received numerous awards for its innovation and marketing practices that demonstrate the efficiency of its marketing strategies which helped the company in attaining huge global presence and strong brand visibility (Pisano, 2015). The marketing strategy of Apple of expanding in the global markets was a successful initiative as in the international market the company holds for the second largest position and with the introduction of Apple 7, it recognized as the leader in the fourth quarter. All such continuous developments, increased market share and upsurge customer base are the evidence of the sustained competit ive advantage of Apple (Perez, 2017). Evidence for Sonys sustained Competitive Advantage By taking sue of the digital marketing techniques such as Adobe Marketing Clud, Liveclicker video in email and other real time marketing, Sony was able to positive outcomes that offered increased competitive advantages to the company. The rates of Fan Favorites click-through have upsurge by more than a total of 400 percent. The rates of 4K Pre-Sale campaign were upsurge by more than a total of 300 percent (realtime, 2015). The reports, news and data published demonstrate the success of Sony and achievement of competitive advantages by its strong marketing channels. There are a total of 7,526,537 followers of Sony at Facebook and a total of 4,130, 825 followers at Twitter. This explains the social engagement of the customers with Sony. The company has gained huge online presence by its digital marketing which can be analysed by its increasing market share (Hibbard, 2011). Analysis of Apple through Ansoff matrix Market Penetration To penetrate the market, Apple launches every updated and new version of the iPhone in almost in a period of every twelve months. It results in increase of varieties for the customers to select from. The biggest rival in the industry for apple is Samsung which makes complex for Apple to have an increased market share. And thus Apple is taking use of extensive promotions and advertising for fetching the attention of the customers. Product Development To attract the already existing customers of apple, the company has taken several initiatives such as launching iPod shuffle and other Apple products so that the customers can get a more handy experience (Darroch, 2014). Market Development For the market development, such as international markets, Apple has taken sue of launch of iPad as it is just the copy of iPhone except calling functions thus it is perfect for the markets which does not possess cell phones carrier. Diversification Apple iTunes is the perfect example of diversification as it has entered the market of music industry as being the leader in the phone or computer industry, but it is much difficult to have such diversification (Paicu, 2015). Analysis of Sony through Ansoff matrix Market Penetration The market share of Sony is very strong and extended with hundreds of stores and improved customer service. And due to these benefits, the company is required to defend its market share as well as strive hard to upsurge sales with the means of penetration pricing, bundling and effective advertising (Auwinger, 2010). Product Development There are few new products of Sony which can be seen as the part of product development such as the Xperia XZ. The company launched it in 2017. As per the customers feedbacks, it will be able to influence customer through its innovativeness. The features like water resistant, smart technology etc. are the factors of product development for attracting the potential customers (sonycorporation1, 2014). Market Development Sony has required expanding its geographical reach and must tap into new overseas regions and markets other than Japan, America and Europe. At present, the sales as well as the marketing teams must have their emphasis upon identifying new possible areas which can be served by the products of Sony. Diversification Presently Sony is producing electronic gadgets, mobile phones, laptops, cameras, recorders and printers. The new marketing strategy must have kits focus upon the development of the medical equipments such as lens, sensor, Micronics, diagnostics equipments, etc. By this, it will be able to enter the science and technology market and achieve diversification (sonycorporation1, 2014). Analysis of Apple and Sony through Porter five forces model Barraging power of buyers The bargaining power of the buyers in context with Apple is low as Apple offers highly innovative and supreme class products which are not available anywhere else. Thus, the buyers do not able to bargain. In context with Sony, the bargaining power of the buyers is medium as there are other competitive products which can attract the customers and thus buyers tend to bargain (Wonglimpiyarat, 2012). Bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of the suppliers in context with Apple is medium as Apple has a demand for specific and innovative technologies and parts. Thus, which is not available easily as well as not all companies purchase such products. Thus, there is medium bargaining power of suppliers. In context with Sony, the bargaining power of the suppliers is low as there are number of suppliers which can offer the products to the company. Industrial Rivalry There is intense and extreme industrial rivalry in the electronic industry as there are number of competitors of both Apple and Sony such as Samsung, Vivo, Oppo, etc. Thus all the companies are taking sue of innovative technologies and efficient marketing to attract the customers and retain the market share (Khan, Alam and Alam, 2015). Threat of new entrants Apple does not has a threat of new entrants as any other new company cannot offer such innovative, techno savvy and supreme products and cannot have such strong customer base. In case of Sony, it has a little threat of new entrants as there are companies which offer similar products like Sony and are able to fetch the market share from Sony (Kauerhof, 2015). Threat of substitutes Threat of substitutes in context with Apple is low as Apple offers highly innovative and supreme class products which are not available anywhere else. Thus, the buyers do not able to switch on any other brand. In context with Sony, the threat of substitutes is high as there are other competitive products which can attract the customers and thus buyers tend to switch easily (Xue, 2016). Conclusion From this report, it can be concluded that both Apple and Sony have attained extreme success and competitive benefits by their innovative and effective marketing strategies. The authors have presented their success in their literature and have highlighted marketing initiatives as the key to their sustained competitive benefits. It can also be stated from the analysis of both the companies through ansoff matrix and porter five forces that Apple is among the leaders of the industry but have to increase customer base for being at the first position. But Sony needs a lot of efforts to maintain its position in the market in terms of advertising, marketing, innovativeness, analysing customer needs and market trends. References Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2014. Sony Electronics reaches out to a tech-savvy audience. Pp.4. Accessed on: 5th August, 2017. Accessed from: https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/customer-success/pdfs/sony-electronics-case-study.pdf Auwinger, H.M., 2010. Entertainment software and hardware industry: utilizing market research and experiential techniques. Darroch, J., 2014. Ansoffs Growth MatrixIn Detail. InWhy Marketing to Women Doesnt Work(pp. 131-147). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Hibbard, C. 2011. Sony Combines Social and Local for Successful Product Launch. Accessed on: 5th August, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/sony-combines-social-and-local-for-successful-product-launch/ Johnson, K., Li, Y., Phan, H., Singer, J. and Trinh, H., 2012. The Innovative Success that is Apple, Inc. Kauerhof, A., 2015. The Strategy of the Smartphone Industry. A Comparative Analysis of Apple, Sony and Xiaomi. Khan, U.A., Alam, M.N. and Alam, S., 2015. A Critical Analysis of Internal and External Environment of Apple Inc.International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management,3(6), pp.955-961. Lee, G. and Raghu, T.S., 2014. Determinants of mobile apps' success: evidence from the App Store market.Journal of Management Information Systems,31(2), pp.133-170. Paicu, C.E., 2015. Communication And BrandingEconomic Standpoint.Annals-Economy Series,5, pp.79-82. Perez, 2017. iPhone 7 sales helped Apple reclaim the top spot in the global smartphone market. Accessed on: 5th August, 2017. Accessed from: https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/01/iphone-7-sales-helped-apple-reclaim-the-top-spot-in-the-global-smartphone-market/ Pisano, G.P., 2015. You need an innovation strategy.Harvard Business Review,93(6), pp.44-54. Realtime, 2015. Sony Electronics increases customer engagement, boosts click-through rate 300-400%. Pp.2. Accessed on: 5th August, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.realtime.email/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/RTE-Sony-Case-Study1.pdf sonycorporation1, 2014. Competitive Advantage of SONY Corporation. Accessed on: 5th August, 2017. Accessed from: https://sonycorporation1.blogspot.in/ Wonglimpiyarat, J., 2012. Technology strategies and standard competitionComparative innovation cases of Apple and Microsoft.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,23(2), pp.90-102. Xue, C.T.S., 2016. An Examination of the Strategic Use of IT Applications in Achieving Competitive Advantages.International Journal,4(7).

Job Satisfaction on Organizational Performance - Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about the Job Satisfaction on Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction: According to Aziri (2011), Job satisfaction refers to the general expression of the positive attitude of workers built up towards their jobs. It involves a combination of environmental, physiological and psychological circumstances that make a person say he or she is satisfied with his or her job. Even though job satisfaction is affected by different external factors, it is majorly determined by what a person feels inside himself or herself about the job position. Workers develop and maintain an attitude towards their jobs based on the characteristics of their job, the social status that the job brings to them and the experience that the job environment presents to them. At times, someone may develop a negative attitude towards a job, but if characteristics of the job, the economic beliefs, and the expectations that the employee hoped for are incorporated in the job, in the desirable method that the employee desires, then job satisfaction is achieved. Additionally, if the job satisfies the psychological and security needs of the employee and the effects of the job affect the feeling of the employee positively, then they attain job satisfaction in their present job. Job satisfaction can best be explained using Lawlers theory; Which explains job satisfaction in four conditions, the fulfillment theory, the discrepancy theory, the equality theory, and the two factor-factor theory. The fulfillment theory regards reaching what someone wanted, which is what job satisfaction is about. On the other hand, discrepancy theory is all about difference, contradiction, and conflict, meaning that job fulfillment is achieved when there is no conflict, contradiction, and difference. The equity theory, on the other hand, regards the presence of equality, of which a worker looks for in a workplace. Finally, the four-factor theory talks about the elements of fulfillment, of which negative factors include things like low wages, harassment, and other factors, while the contrary will initiate job satisfaction (Celik, 2011). Impacts of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Performance Job satisfaction is an important aspect that influences the success of an organization. The level of satisfaction of the employees determines their behavior in the organization. The usual implication is always that a satisfied worker is always a productive worker. If the employees were satisfied with the services that they get from the organization, they would develop a conducive environment so that the company performs better. If the employees are not satisfied, then the opposite will happen, the organization will perform poorly. Satisfied employees will do their work efficiently, leading to higher returns, knowing that their needs are addressed. Employees who are satisfied will be committed to their work. The result will be that the employees will attend work on regular basis, and in time, creating more time for productivity. Job satisfaction increases trust among members of the company, and its partners, making it possible to register quality results. Besides, cases of criminal activities within the organization will not be present, making it possible for the organization to avoid possible losses. Retention of employees is also of the impacts that job satisfaction has on a company. The longer an employee stays with a company, the more the employee can gain experience, therefore being able to deliver better services to the company, while at the same time building trust among other stakeholders (Latif et al., 2013) How managers can increase job satisfaction First, managers can increase employee providing a positive working environment. The manager needs to identify what impresses people and ensure they get it. A motivating environment requires that the manager goes beyond his normal duty, to address the needs and grievances of the employees. A good example of a company that has managed to provide a positive working environment is Disney World Company. Employee assistance is all from the pack, providing services like bus passes, check cashing, money order, childcare and discount programs (Canrinus, 2012). Secondly, the managers must reward and recognize excellent performance. Recognition of a person for what he or she has done is an important tool towards motivating a person to do better next time. For example, the CEO of Rackspace Managed Holdings, Graham Weston, offers that his top performing employee his luxurious vehicle for a one week (Danish Usman, 2010). The third way that managers can promote job satisfaction is by designing an evaluation and measurement plan for evaluating and measuring the level of job satisfaction. A manager can now determine an effective plan to increase job satisfaction by weighing the situation once the level of satisfaction is determined (Judge et al., 2010). Management Practices that May Influence Job Satisfaction The first management that affects the job satisfaction is Bureaucratic management practices. It refers to a component of the formal organization that utilizes rules and hierarchical ranking to influence productivity in the organization. In the context of bureaucratic management practices, employees are supposed to follow specific rules and are reprimanded to comply with what the organization wants. But a human being is known to resist any force that is exerted on their side, so they would demotivate by such reprimanding, hence making job satisfaction not to flourish (Maleka Rankhumise, 2014). The appointment practice of company may also affect the level of job satisfaction in a company. A company that appoints members basing on their performance is encouraging job satisfaction amongst its employees. Employees will work to achieve better results, therefore secure a position at the top of the company. This practice is present with many flourishing companies. A good example is the AMCO company, where the next CEO is always appointed from the employees, basing on their experience in the company, and their productivity (Klassen Chiu, 2010). Reasons why organizations might encourage or discourage this behavior According to Van Dierendonck (2011), the business and leadership dynamics have changed to a greater extent, and it is no longer just enough jobs to employees. Employees need motivation as they carry out their activities in the company. Therefore bureaucratic management practice has to be discouraged in companies because they make employees feel humiliated and not valued in the company. On the other hand, employees need engagement in conversations about matters that affect them, so that they feel adequately involved in the company management. Secondly, the method of appointment, where members are appointed on another basis, rather than employee productivity and experience should be discouraged because it makes employees feel there is no need to work hard since it is not considered. Alternatively, the companies should make an appointment based on the performance o employee because it encourages them to perform better (Card et al., 2012). I the case of AMCO company, it had to change its appointment method from hierarchical to based on productivity, making it register better performance and better job satisfaction for its employees. Conclusion This paper discusses the meaning of job satisfaction from a practical and theoretical perspective. The concept of job satisfaction can be summarized as an employee having a good attitude towards his or her job. It is important for improvement of company productivity since an employee that is satisfied will yield better performance. Managers can increase job satisfaction by, rewarding employees, providing a positive environment, and developing an evaluation plan. The biggest hindrance to job satisfaction is bureaucracy in the company. It can be rectified by implementing servant leadership, and appointment plan based on performance. References Aziri, B. (2011). Job satisfaction: A literature review. Management research and practice, 3(4), 77-86. Canrinus, E. T., Helms-Lorenz, M., Beijaard, D., Buitink, J., Hofman, A. (2012). Self-efficacy, job satisfaction, motivation and commitment: exploring the relationships between indicators of teachers professional identity. European journal of psychology of education, 27(1), 115-132. Card, D., Mas, A., Moretti, E., Saez, E. (2012). Inequality at work: The effect of peer salaries on job satisfaction. The American Economic Review, 102(6), 2981-3003. Celik, M. (2011). A theoretical approach to the job satisfaction. Polish journal of management studies, 4, 7-14. Danish, R. Q., Usman, A. (2010). Impact of reward and recognition on job satisfaction and motivation: An empirical study from Pakistan. International journal of business and management, 5(2), 159. Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., Podsakoff, N. P., Shaw, J. C., Rich, B. L. (2010). The relationship between pay and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis of the literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 157-167. Klassen, R. M., Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on teachers' self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Teacher gender, years of experience, and job stress. Journal of educational Psychology, 102(3), 741. Latif, M. S., Ahmad, M., Qasim, M., Mushtaq, M., Ferdoos, A., Naeem, H. (2013). Impact of employees job satisfaction on organizational performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(5), 166-171. Maleka, M. J., Rankhumise, E. M. (2014). The impact of management practices on job satisfaction: insights from a state-owned institution. Problem and perspectives in management, 12(4), 476-484. Van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of management, 37(4), 1228-1261.